Introduction
. -- About This Text
. -- A Word Of Caution
. -- A Personal Note
. -- Acquiring Images
. -- Human Reliance On Images
. -- Extracting Information
. -- Video Cameras
. -- Ccd Cameras
. -- Cmos Detectors
. -- Camera Artifacts And Limitations
. -- Color Cameras
. -- Camera Resolution
. -- Electronics And Bandwidth Limitations
. -- Handling Color Data
. -- Color Encoding
. -- Other Image Sources
. -- Pixels
. -- Tonal Resolution
. -- The Image Contents
. -- Camera Limitations
. -- Noise
. -- High-Depth Images
. -- Focusing
. -- Color Displays
. -- Image Types
. -- Multiple Images
. -- Imaging Requirements
. -- Printing And Storage
. -- Hard Copies
. -- Halftoning
. -- Dots On Paper
. -- Color Printing
. -- Adding Black—Cmyk
. -- Printing Hardware
. -- Film Recorders
. -- Presentation Tools File Storage Storage Media Magnetic Recording Databases For Images Searching By Content Browsing And Thumbnails File Formats Lossless Coding Reduced Color Palettes Jpeg Compression Wavelet Compression Fractal Compression Digital Movies Human Vision What We See And Why Recognition Technical Specs Seeing Color Acuity What The Eye Tells The Brain Spatial Comparisons Local To Global Hierarchies Grouping It’S About Time The Third Dimension How Versus What Seeing What Isn’T There, And Vice Versa Image Compression a World Of Light Size Matters Shape (Whatever That Means) Context Arrangements Must Be Made Seeing Is Believing Learning More Correcting Imaging Defects Color Adjustments Hue, Saturation, Intensity Other Spaces Color Correction Noisy Images Neighborhood Averaging Gaussian Smoothing Neighborhood Ranking The Color Median More Median Filters Weighted, Conditional, And Adaptive Neighborhoods Other Neighborhood Noise Reduction Methods Defect Removal, Maximum Entropy, And Maximum Likelihood
. -- Nonuniform Illumination Fitting a Background Function Rank Leveling Color Images Nonplanar Views Computer Graphics Geometric Distortion Alignment Interpolation Morphing Image Enhancement In The Spatial Domain Purposes For Enhancement Contrast Expansion False Color Lookup Tables (Luts) Contrast Manipulation Histogram Equalization Contrast In Color Images Local Equalization Laplacian Sharpening The Unsharp Mask Derivatives Edges And Gradients Edge Orientation More Edge Detectors Rank-Based Methods Texture Implementation Notes Image Math Subtracting Images Multiplication And Division Principal Component Analysis Principal Component Analysis For Contrast Enhancement Other Image Combinations Cross-Correlation Processing Images In Frequency Space About Frequency Space The Fourier Transform Fourier Transforms Of Simple Functions Moving To Two Dimensions Frequencies And Spacings Preferred Orientation Texture And Fractals Removing Selected Frequencies Periodic Noise Removal Selection Of Periodic Information Convolution Deconvolution Noise And Wiener Deconvolution Other Deconvolution Methods Additional Notes On Deconvolution
. -- Template Matching And Correlation Autocorrelation Wavelets Segmentation And Thresholding Brightness Thresholding Automatic Settings Multiband Images Color Thresholding Thresholding From Texture Multiple Thresholding Criteria Textural Orientation Region Boundaries Noise And Overlaps Selecting Smooth Boundaries Conditional Histograms Boundary Lines Contours Cluster Analysis More Segmentation Methods Image Representation Processing Binary Images Boolean Operations Combining Boolean Operations Masks From Pixels To Features Filling Holes Measurement Grids Boolean Logic With Features Selecting Features By Location Double Thresholding Erosion And Dilation Opening And Closing Isotropy Measurements Using Erosion And Dilation Extension To Grayscale Images Neighborhood Parameters Examples Of Use Euclidean Distance Map Watershed Segmentation Ultimate Eroded Points Skeletons Topology Boundary Lines Combining Skeleton And Euclidean Distance Map Image Measurements Photogrammetry Comparisons Global Measurements Volume Surface Area Grain Size Multiple Surfaces Length Thickness Sampling Strategies Determining Number Curvature, Connectivity, And The Disector Anisotropy And Gradients Size Distribution Classical Stereology (Unfolding) Feature Measurements Brightness Measurements Density Brightness Profiles Color Values Determining Location Orientation Neighbor Relationships Separation Distance Alignment The Linear Hough Transform The Circular Hough Transform Counting Special Counting Procedures Feature Size Circles And Ellipses Caliper Dimensions Perimeter Characterizing Shape Describing Shape Dimensionless Ratios Effects Of Orientation "Like a Circle" An Example: Leaves Topology And The Skeleton Boundaries Shock Graphs Fractal Dimension Measurement Techniques Harmonic Analysis Chain Code An Example: Arrow Points Wavelets Moments An Example: Dandelion Zernike Moments Landmarks Correlation, Classification, Identification, And Matching
. -- A Variety Of Purposes Matching Cross-Correlation Curvature Scale Space Classification Distributions And Decision Points Linear Discriminant Analysis (Lda) And Principal Component Analysis (Pca) Class Definition Unsupervised Learning Are Groups Different? Neural Nets K-Nearest Neighbors Parametric Description Bayesian Statistics a Comparison Harmonic Analysis And Invariant Moments Species Examples Correlation Landmark Data 3D Imaging More Than Two Dimensions Volume Imaging Versus Sections Serial Sections Removing Layers Reconstruction Confocal Microscopy Stereo Viewing Tomography Tomographic Reconstruction Reconstruction Artifacts Algebraic Reconstruction Maximum Entropy Imaging Geometries Other Signals Beam Hardening And Other Issues 3D Tomography Dual Energy Methods Microtomography 3D Reconstruction And Visualization Slices And Surfaces Marching Cubes Volumetric Displays Ray Tracing 3D Processing And Measurement Processing Voxel Arrays When The Z-Axis Is Different Multiple Image Sets Thresholding And Segmentation Morphological Operations And Structural Measurements Skeletons
. -- Surface And Volume Quantitative Use Of Reconstructions Methods For Object Measurements Size Examples Of Object Measurements Other Object Measurements Limitations Industrial Applications Comparison To Stereological Measurements Spherical Harmonics, Wavelets, And Fractal Dimension Other Applications And Future Possibilities Imaging Surfaces Producing Surfaces Imaging By Physical Contact Noncontacting Measurements Shape From Shading And Polynomial Texture Map Microscopy Of Surfaces Stereoscopy Matching Points Composition Imaging Processing Of Range Images Processing Of Composition Maps Data Presentation And Visualization Surface Rendering Measurements Profiles Representing Elevation Data The Surface Measurement Suite Hybrid Properties Topographic Analysis Fractal Dimensions